Suchergebnisse

In recent decades, the problem of unemployment has generated fierce political and academic discussion on how national governments should address this issue. This book sheds light on a key debate in unemployment policy - that of whether unemployment benefits should be insurance-based or means-tested. It carefully compares the impact of the British and German benefit systems on poverty, the duration of unemployment and the spread of workless households during the 1990s

Discrimination is a problem for both minority groups and the societies in which they live. Perceived group discrimination reflects the direct experiences of immigrants but is also an indicator of the wider societal context and its level of social cohesion. This paper draws on new longitudinal survey data to examine perceptions of group discrimination among new Polish immigrants to four Western European countries (Ireland, the UK, the Netherlands and Germany). Are there cross-national differences in perceived group discrimination, and how is discrimination related to exposure to, and experiences in, the host country? Perceived discrimination is found to be higher among Polish migrants in the Netherlands in Wave 1 (2011) than in the other three countries; perceptions of discrimination also increased more there between waves of the survey, as well as in the UK. Perceptions of group discrimination are related to some aspects of exposure to the host country (e.g. duration in the country), but are most strongly associated with negative experiences in the host country. Differences in country contexts - attitudinal climate and national discourses - seem to play a strong role in understanding perceived group discrimination among new Polish immigrants in Western Europe.

This paper seeks to reveal whether fixed-term contracts are the new European inequality and does so in a comparative analysis of two countries typically regarded as eurosclerotic: West Germany and France. We compare the wages, wage growth and labour market outcomes of fixed-term contract workers relative to a matched sample of permanent workers with similar characteristics. Using seven waves of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) we find evidence of wage penalties, increased exposure to unemployment and repeat spells of fixed-term employment. However, these tendencies vary significantly by country and by gender. The main finding of this paper is the extent to which fixed-term contract employment is of considerable disadvantage for French women. This is important, as previous research on female employment in the UK and in West Germany (Booth et al., 2002; Giesecke and Gross, 2003), two countries with intermittent female employment, did not find evidence of fixed-term worker disadvantage. Our findings, however, suggest that in countries where female employment tends to be full-time and continuous, the introduction of fixed-term contracts challenges the existing gender contract. Adapted from the source document.

The economic crisis of 2007/2008 did not affect all members of the European Union (EU) to the same extent. In the Irish case, the economic crisis and subsequent period of austerity paralleled an erosion in public support for immigration. However, little is known about how public perception changed during a period of short-term economic recovery, like that experienced in Ireland from 2014 to 2018. Using repeated cross-sectional survey data unique to Ireland, this work captures change in attitudes towards immigrants during the pre-crisis and late-austerity periods. Moreover, this research evaluates the importance placed on two immigrant attributes intimately linked to the labour market — education and skills. We provide evidence of an emergence of more moderate views of immigration during the recovery period, but only in the perceived importance of educational qualifications. Perception of skills remains notably unchanged. Of note, both attributes remain more important in the public eye relative to before the economic crisis. In other words, short-term economic recovery does not automatically translate into a more welcoming reception. We confirm that crises and periods of austerity erode public perception of newcomers, particularly when immigration is framed in terms of skill-based economic contribution. However, this work reveals some of the scars of a rapid and deep economic downturn alter the context of reception in a durable way, which remains notably resistant to short-term recovery.

Newcomers to Ireland confront a context of reception shaped by large-scale historical emigration and more recent immigration defined by an increasingly diverse set of origin contexts, both within and outside the European Union (EU). How has the Irish population responded to these groups, and how openly do Irish residents express their views toward different immigrant groups? We test this response using a survey experiment, which offered respondents an anonymous way to express any negative attitudes to immigrant groups they may have had. Results from the survey experiment show that Irish residents' support for Black and Polish immigrations is overstated when expressed directly. In contrast, their sentiment toward Muslim immigrants is notably insensitive to the level of anonymity provided, indicating little difference between overt and covert expression of support (or antipathy). In other words, when race/ethnicity or EU origin is made salient, Irish respondents are more likely to mask negative sentiment. When Islam is emphasized, however, Irish antipathy is not masked. We find that in-group preferences, instead of determining support in an absolute sense, shape the reluctance with which opposition to immigrant groups is overtly expressed.

Increases in immigration inflows to both the European Union (EU) and Ireland between 2014 and 2016 have resulted in an increased focus on integration policies, outcomes and measures, including in the area of labour market integration. Ireland, like the majority of EU Member States, pursues a policy of mainstreaming service provision in the area of integration, with targeted initiatives to meet specific needs. This study first considers labour migration policy, which manages and shapes overall access of non-European Economic Area (EEA) nationals to the Irish labour market. Under the employment permits system administered by the Department of Business, Enterprise and Innovation (DBEI), non-EEA nationals may apply to access the Irish labour market. The report also looks at specific policies and measures which aim to improve labour market integration for non-EU nationals living in Ireland. The focus is on labour integration measures for regularly staying non-EU nationals with a right to work. Measures specifically targeting non-EEA students, graduates, asylum seekers and beneficiaries of international protection are beyond the study scope. The effect of general labour market and social policy provision in Ireland on labour market integration is also outside the scope. Examples of public and private sector practices are discussed together with examples of community sector practices that receive public funds.

Das SCIP Projekt ("Causes and Consequences of Socio-Cultural Integration Processes among New Immigrants in Europe") untersucht soziokulturelle Aspekte von Migrationsverläufen. Befragt wurden neue Einwanderer aus verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen in vier europäischen Ländern: Deutschland, Großbritannien, Irland und die Niederlande. Die Forschungsfragen der Studie lauten: (a) Ist die soziokulturelle Integration eine Folge oder die Ursache der strukturellen Integration von Migranten (beispielsweise in den Arbeitsmarkt)? (b) Welche gruppenspezifischen Unterschiede gibt es bei den Integrationsprozessen und wieso? Da es um kürzlich angekommene Immigranten geht, fokussiert das SCIP Projekt eine besonders dynamische Phase des Integrationsprozesses. Das Projekt legt den Grundstein für ein "Europäisches Neue Immigranten Panel", vergleichbar mit Immigranten Befragungen in traditionellen Einwanderungsländern, wie den USA.

Es gab zwei Befragungswellen von Immigrantengruppen, die sich in mehreren Aspekten, wie Religion (Katholiken versus Muslime), dem sozialen Status (mittel- hochqualifizierte versus gering qualifizierte Migranten) und ihrem rechtlichen Status (EU-Bürger versus Nicht-EU-Bürger) unterscheiden. In allen vier Ländern wurden kürzlich angekommene Immigranten aus Polen interviewt, Immigranten aus der Türkei (Deutschland und Niederlande), den Antillen (Niederlande), Bulgarien (Niederlande), Marokko (Niederlande), Suriname (Niederlande), und Pakistan (Großbritannien). In einem Mini Panel Design wurden alle Einwanderer erstmals, spätestens zwölf Monate nach ihrer Ankunft interviewt (1. Welle). Ein zweites Interview folgte eineinhalb Jahre später (2. Welle).

Zur Vergleichbarkeit der Angaben über die Zeit wurden Merkmale über den Zeitpunkt vor und nach der Migration erhoben. Zusätzlich wurden Fragen aus etablierten Umfragen, wie dem New Immigrant Survey, dem European Social Survey und dem World Value Survey übernommen, um vergleichende Analysen zu ermöglichen.

Themen: 1. Sprach- und Integrationsbemühung: Sprachkenntnisse und Anwendung; Sprechen einer dritten Sprache; Teilnahme an Integrationskursen.
2. Identität und Exklusion: kulturelle Teilnahme und Identifikation (Belonging); Gefühl akzeptiert zu werden; erfahrene Diskriminierung; Zufriedenheit mit der Migrationsentscheidung und der aktuellen Situation; Wahrnehmung der kulturellen Vereinbarkeit; Akkulturationsbemühungen; politische Einstellung; Einstellung zur Demokratie.
3. Religion: Religionszugehörigkeit; Ort, Art und Umfang der Religionsausübung; Religionszugehörigkeit des Partners.
4. Soziale Integration: Wechselwirkung mit ethnischer Herkunft und sozialer Integration im Zielland; soziale Teilhabe; soziales Netzwerk (Stärke und Dichte der Beziehungen).
5. Strukturelle Integration: Bildung des Befragten und des Partners; berufliche Situation des Befragten und des Partners; Rücküberweisungen von Geld ins Herkunftsland (Remittances).

Demographie und Migrationsbiographie: Geschlecht; Geburtsjahr; Geburtsland; Staatsangehörigkeit; Erwerbsstatus; Familiensituation; stabile Partnerschaft; Haushaltsmerkmale; Migrationsbiographie und Motive; rechtliche Situation; Migrationsbiographie und rechtliche Situation des Partners; Lebenssituation und Zusammensetzung der Nachbarschaft.

Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Panel Welle; Erhebungsmethode; ethnische Gruppenzugehörigkeit des Befragten; Interviewer-ID; Disposition-Code; Interviewdatum und Zeit; Interviewdauer; Missing-Anteil im Fall; kontaktiert durch den Interviewer; Interview vollendet.

Interviewerrating: Einfache Durchführung des Interviews (Interviewer und Befragter); Anwesenheit Dritter während des Interviews; Person, die Fragen zum Partner beantwortet hat; Anwesenheit des Partners während der Partnerfragen; Probleme den Befragungshaushalt zu finden; Kooperationsbereitschaft des Befragten; weitere Anmerkungen.